Improvised Rescue Techniques

Tying off the Belay Plate

At Monsterclimbs we often get enquiries from Mountaineering clubs and individual climbers concerning ‘What to do when something goes wrong?’ Of course, the term Improvised Technique, means just that. A lot of clients want to learn ‘set pieces’ but unfortunately accidents don’t happen like that.

At monsterclimbs we ‘Taylor-make’ courses to suit the clients as climbers who only lead sport or on single pitch crags wont require the same technical knowledge as someone who regularly climbs on multi-pitch routes in remote areas.

We try and build up skills that are relevant to the client, in a safe and controlled environnment before practising on the rock face. One of the first skills, and the easiest, is tying off the belay plate which allows thinking time in the event of an incident. It involves a series of bites of rope fed throught the screwgate karabiner and then back through the rope itself to lock off the belay device so you can work hands free. It is also a very useful skill to learn if you are climbing with someone who is working a route and they are constantly sitting on the rope.

Simple hoists are another technique to help the second over stopper moves, or if they are

Unassisted Hoist

left hanging in space after falling off an overhang, and just involve the very useful French Prussik, and a couple of screwgate Karabiners. The DMM Revolver is quite a useful screwgate to carry within your rack, as it incorporates a small pulley and makes hoisting so much easier. If you are a bit of a lightweight like Ali, you can do the unassisted hoist out of the system, so it is connected directly to the belay and gives you greater freedom of movement enabling you to maximize your weight to assist with the hoisting. In the photo we see a member of the South Wales Mountaineering Club using his foot to push the second prussik further down the rope.

Escaping the System

In more serious situations, e.g. the second is knocked unconscious, or is unresponsive and out of sight, or injured on a traverse, you must first escape from the belay (always ensuring you are safe), before deciding the next and SIMPLEST form of action. Often the easiest thing to do is just lower the second to the floor, but this would be impossible on a sea cliff or where there were obstacles in the way and he was badly injured and/or unconscious.

Once you have escaped the system which is achieved by bypassing the belay device with prussiks and slings, you must decide – Do you abseil down to them and apply a chest harness to keep them upright or to apply emergency first aid? Do you set up a counter balance abseil so you can ’collect’ them on the way past? Is the rope long enough, or do you have to use a Stirrup Hoist to attach them to you and disconnect them from the rope so you can perform an accompanied abseil?

If you feel you or your climbing club need to acquire some of these skills to broaden your scope of knowledge then contact Monsterclimbs. BUT remember prevention is better than cure and get into the habit of checking your equipment, each other and your belaying technique.

From the Ground Up – Week 9 – Learning to Sport Lead Climb Part 2 – Mock Leading, Lead Belaying and Paying Out Slack

Mock Leading

The safest way to learn to lead climb, besides contacting Monsterclimbs, is to mock lead. Mock leading is best done with 3 people; one to lead climb, tied into both a lead rope and a bottom rope, one to lead belay and one to bottom rope belay – keeping the lead climber safe as he practises clipping without the fear of slipping off. This method also gives an excellent opportunity for the lead belayer to practise without putting the lead climber at risk.

Lead climbing is one of the most difficult skills to get right, and not many climbers are taught by an experienced or qualified instructor, so you will often see at climbing centres and at the crag ‘experienced’ climbers demonstrating poor technique. When you do get lead belaying right the lead climber is well rewarded because if they do slip, or a hold breaks off or a resin hold spins you could save them from serious injury and even death. As the climbers confidence in the lead belayer grows the lead climber will become more confident in their own ability and will concentrate purely on the climbing. What a lot of climbers don’t realise is the potential to hit the floor from 3 and even 4 clips up, particularly if the lead climber is clipping high. When Monsterclimbs teach lead climbing they demonstrate this which has a big impact and beneficial effect on their students lead belaying as they can physically see the potential for the lead climber to be hurt.

Before the lead climber leaves the floor, she must decide which side she wants the belayer to stand, so the least amount of rope is paid out and the rope doesn’t cross the body. If the clips are mainly on the right of the climb then the belayer must stand to the right.

The lead belayer has a very difficult job  as the lead climber leaves the floor as he has to:

  • allow enough slack rope for the first clip.
  • stand close enough to spot should the lead climber slip and
  • be ready to begin belaying as soon as the first clip is accomplished having moved into a position close to the wall, but slightly to the side to be able to see inside the climber.

It is essential that any extra slack is taken in at this time to prevent a ground fall, but not

Belaying at the 1st Clip

too much that it prevents upward movement.

The 2nd clip is perhaps the most dangerous in its potential for a ground fall and the belayer has to use a great deal of judgement which only comes with practise and experience. The belayer should stay close into the wall until the 4th clip is made to prevent a ground fall and once this is clipped the belayer can begin to move back and the belaying to become more active.

The belayer needs to keep enough slack in the rope to enable the lead climber to move freely, and when they clip, the belayer should anticipate this so there is no tugging on the rope.

Belaying at the 4th Clip

A tight rope could pull the lead climber off, but also if the climber falls and the rope is too tight they are likely to slam into the wall in an arc and hurt themselves, whilst a slack rope gives more stretch in the system and the fall, though further, will be more comfortable as you fall down into space.

Active belaying allows more fluid belaying as you step in towards the climber as you pay out and step back as you take in. It is important when you do take in, that you keep your hand on the dead rope at all times by going back to bottom rope belaying – V to the knee, 1, 2, 3. If you skip, or slide your hand up the dead rope at this point and the climber falls off, the chances of you holding the fall are slim.

Monsterclimbs’ Ali Taylor now provider of CWA

Guy Jarvis of Undercover Rock, Bristol approached Ali in June of 2011 to become a provider of the Climbing Wall Award as one of his providers had left the area. At the same time Craig Armitiger, head of Gilwern Outdoor Education Centre in South Wales expressed an interest in providing this course at his centre. With two major centres supporting her application, and already 12 CWA courses under her belt, Ali created a comprehensive and professional application which was sent to the board in August 2011.

The board met on 16th November and Mal Creasy, Development Officer of MLTE, contacted her personally to give her the good news.

The Climbing Wall Award was launched by Mountain Leader Training in January 2008 and was the outcome of considerable consultation with voluntary youth organizations, the education sector and the climbing community.

Monsterclimbs CWA courses will cover the skills and leadership qualities needed to introduce and supervise novice climbers on typical top roping and bouldering climbing walls.

Climbing Games

Candidates will also learn how to manage groups in a busy indoor climbing environment. They will learn how to carry out appropriate warm-ups and cool downs, to prepare their clients for the activities ahead and to prevent injury. They will learn how to coach climbing techniques and how to spot the potential Johnny Dawes. They will also learn how to prevent and overcome problems in a simple and safe way.

Monsterclimbs will also train and assess the additional module in supervising abseiling from artificial structures.

Before candidates can attend a training course they must fulfil the following requirements

  • be at least 17 years of age
  • be registered for the CWA with the Mountain Leader Training Board
  • be members of the British Mountaineering Council
  • have climbed on at least 3 different walls on 15 occasions, one of which must be a major venue
  • have led climbs
  • have at least 6 months personal climbing experience 

Candidates must allow 10 days between registration with the BMC and MLTE and receipt of their logbook. Their logbook must be up to date and ready for presentation to the Instructor on their CWA Training Course.

This award will appeal to teachers, youth leaders, scout and Duke of Edinburgh Award

Learning the ropes

supervisors who have access to a climbing wall or artificial climbing/abseiling structure. It is also useful but not essential if candidates have an understanding that climbing indoors is just a small part of climbing and that ultimately climbing is about the big outdoors and the crag environment. Monsterclimbs aims to motivate candidates to become inspirational and professional instructors/coaches who are open minded and never stop learning.

Keep checking Monsterclimbs and MLTE website for the next available course.

From the Ground Up Week 8 – Learning to Sport Lead Climb: Rope length & management, Clipping, Quickdraws

Once you have decided you want to learn to sport climb, as well as the kit you already have; harness, helmet, shoes, chalk bag and belay device you will need a rope, quickdraws, two long slings and two screwgate karabiners.

30m Gym Ropes

 

60m Ropes: 10.5, 9.4 & 9.1

 

 

 

 

Ropes for sport climbing come in a variety of lengths, but as a general rule you would use a 30m rope for indoor and a 60m rope for outdoor sport lead climbing. Be aware that some indoor climbing centres are higher than 15m and so a 30m rope will not be long enough. It is always wise to ring the centre and check the length of their routes before you visit. Also there are some outdoor sport climbs that are longer than 30m, and you will therefore need a 70m rope. Read the relevant guide books before you venture on these routes or seek local knowledge. However, there are two ways you can ensure you won’t drop the lead climber when lowering and that is either to tie in as second, or tie a knot in the end of the rope.

Ropes can also vary in thickness between 9.1 and 11mm. The thinner sport ropes are usually used for travelling to save weight but a rope of 10mm is easier to handle and more suitable for general use. If you do go for a skinnier rope ensure you have the correct belay device.

Budget Quickdraws

You will often find if you lead indoors that the quickdraws are already in place. Some centres leave a selection of their lead walls without quickdraws and just have the bolt hangars in place.On sport crags outdoors there are no quickdraws in place and you have to provide your own. But what type do you choose and how many? Keeping 16 quickdraws in your rucksack and then choosing to carry as many as needed on the route with a couple to spare is recommended.

Ali uses clean-nosed, wire gate, snap link karabiners because they are light and easier to remove from the harness, and to unclip from the rope and bolt hangars as there is no hook to snag on. However, these are quite expensive and you can buy budget quickdraws that are adequate for as little as £8 per quickdraw.

Clean and Hook Nose Krabs

It is worth having a selection of different lengths of tape connecting the two karabiners on your quickdraws in case you need a longer length to negotiate an obstacle, e.g. an overhang.

You may also use shorter tapes when clipping close to the ground to avoid hitting the floor should you fall off.

The two karabiners should be different colours to differentiate between the karabiner that clips the bolt and the karabiner that the rope clips into. The reason for this is that the karabiner that clips the metal bolt will become worn with sharp notches that may abrade the rope if you get them the wrong way round.

Varied lengths

How to orient them is an interesting question, but generally speaking 99% of the time it is best to have the karabiners facing the same way so that the gates can be clipped facing away from the direction of travel.

There is a slight advantage in having them in opposition, but only if the bolt is a long way off to the side, then the gates are in the optimum position to get the most out of your reach.

Correct clipping occurs when the lead climber, in a balanced position is able to clip the karabiner one handed so that the rope to the climber is coming out of the front of the lower karabiner and the rope to the belayer is against the wall/rock face. It is worth practising with both hands whilst still on the floor as you use a slightly different method with each hand, and clipping from the left and the right.

Correct Clipping

Climbers often clip above their head, which means they pull out more rope to make the clip, which uses up more energy and if they fall off at this point, they will fall further and could even hit the floor, even from as high as 4 bolts up. The optimum position to clip is when the quickdraw is around waist height.

There will be many occasions, however, when you will clip above your head; just make sure you are in a good solid position.

Back Clipping

 

Z Clipping

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
If you clip from the front to the back of the karabiner – commonly known as back clipping – there is a small risk of the quickdraw unclipping itself in a fall. Z clipping is to be avoided at all costs and it occurs when bolts are close together and the rope is taken from beneath the last quickdraw rather than from above it, and as you try to climb on the rope creates a Z which halts your progress. The simplest way to get out of this is to unclip the quickdraw below.

Paddy & Dave – Trad Lead Course

Having taught Paddy and Dave to sport lead climb earlier in the year, Ali knew it would only

Dave leading his first Trad climb

be a matter of time before they wanted more. Sport lead climbing can be very exciting, but you are limited where you climb by the areas that have bolted routes. Trad climbing on the otherhand has no limits, except your own ability.

The venue was Symonds Yat in the Forest of Dean. Their first task was to get to grips with  the type of gear available; natural gear – threads and spikes, nuts, hex’s and camming devices, how to use them and how to recover them. Paddy and Dave seemed to be doing really well, scoring each other on their placements for both a downward and an outward pull until Ali said ‘Ok, now do it with only one hand’. The next step was to create belays by joining pieces of gear using slings to create a central point or by using just the rope itself for a more dynamic belay.

Dave belaying his second

The group then discussed racking up; how to arrange gear on their harness. There is no hard and fast rule here, it’s just a matter of personal choice, but it has to be logical to the leader, and must be the same each time so that gear can be accessed without having to look for it. Their first lead climb was ‘Golden Fleece’ and Ali placed a few choice pieces for them to aim for, but enabled them to place as much gear as they could to fill in the gaps. Placing gear uses up lots of energy, so there is a fine line between keeping safe and maintaining strength. Their next task was to set up belays at the top of the climb and bring the second up, a

Paddy setting up an abseil

style of belaying alien to both of them. They had practised on the ground beforehand, but at the top of the cliff with a live climber on the end of the rope needed a lot more speed and dexterity.

 Day 2 dawned to a very wet crag indeed, climbing was impossible. The morning was spent teaching Paddy and Dave how to set-up abseils and how to use Prussiks to ascend and descend the rope, ensuring that back-ups were in place at all times

A low level traverse gave Paddy and Dave the perfect opportunity to put into practice all they had learnt, without compromising their safety, and develop their gear placements, belay construction and belaying the second. Ali even threw in a bit of improvised rescue to add

Paddy escaping the system

to their tool box as they were progressing so well, and both men learnt to escape from the system should the leader be knocked unconscious or get into serious trouble.

Finally the crag dried sufficiently to allow them to do Trundlebum Rex, where Paddy and Dave climbed independantly and Ali was on hand to assist should they need it.

Paddy and Dave worked hard to achieve a high level of competence over the 2 day course. Their constant questioning and practising of techniques enabled them to achieve their independance.(They even practised overnight at their B & B!!!). So thats a rack of Cam’s for Christmas then!

From the Ground Up Week 7 Moving Outdoors – Using a Guide Book, Reading the Rock, Different Types of Rock

Turning up at a crag you’ve never been to before and expect to find something suitable to climb would be very difficult indeed. If you are new to an area and/or new to climbing you need to find out where the climbing venues are and their suitability for you as a climber. The local climbing shop is a good place to start (or the internet, of course), where you are likely to meet local climbers who know the area well and can point you in the right direction. A guide book is a must. It will tell you:

  • Where the crags are located and how to get to them.
  • The historical background – who developed the area, ethics etc.
  • Any access issues or restrictions.
  • The lay out of the crags, including which direction they face, approaches and how to get off.
  • The type of rock and style of climbing.
  • Whether the crags are single or multi-pitch.
  • Whether there are in-situ belays.
  • The name, grade, description and first ascentionist for each climb.
  • Graded lists.

As well as many diagrams and photographs to give the essence of the climbing.

Granite - Bosigran, Cornwall

Where have all the coloured blobs gone? There aren’t any. One of the biggest problems facing the new outdoor climber is being able to read the rock. So far they have been able to move from one coloured hold to the next, the obvious line of the climb always visible, but outdoors it’s more subtle. The holds are more difficult to identify and may appear to be poor on first contact, but with just a small shift of body position or feet the holds become more useful.

Quartzite, Gogarth

Although you are on a top/bottom rope so you are following the line of the rope, it doesn’t necessarily mean that is where the route goes. You have to look at the big picture; there may be a better hand or foot hold out to the left or right, you may have to shift your body weight to reach it. On the more popular routes there may be tell tale signs of wear on the rock, or dark marks where countless climbing shoes have embraced the rock.

There are many different types of rock that create dramatic scenery and entice the climber to want to explore them. The sculpted rock of Gritstone found in the Peak District and Yorkshire, often offer quite short routes but packed with adventure and brutal climbing.

Gritstone - The Roaches, Peak District

The complex Quartzite rock of Gogarth on Anglesey create magnificent, atmospheric sea cliffs. Hard Granite cliffs are found as far apart as Cornwall, North Wales and the Lake District producing single and multi-pitch crags that offer sport for all types of climber. Limestone is widespread throughout the United Kingdom: where it is quarried it is often bolted for sport climbing, but where it occurs naturally it is left to be climbed in the traditional way using leader protection.

Limestone - Wintours Leap in the Wye Valley

 

It offers some of the most beautiful and varied climbing in the United Kingdom. Other rock types you might come across in your pursuit of vertical pleasure are Sandstone, Slate, Rhyolite, Gneiss and Schist.

Sport climbing with Giada Pilo – Lake Geneva, Switzerland

Snow at lower altitudes

Ali had the great pleasure of being invited to Switzerland by one of her customers (who has just been promoted to a post there), for a long weekend to coach her in sport leading. It was also a great chance to practice her francaise.

Since moving to Switzerland Giada – The Italian Goddess – has not had much opportunity to explore the climbing in the surrounding area due to work and family commitments so it was with great excitement that Ali and Giada flicked through the local guide book looking for suitable venues. The weather was perfect, warm and still, but there was snow on the valley sides so they were limited to low lying south facing crags if they were to get the most out of their climbing.

Giada leading La Buche 5a+ at Les Avants

Their first crag choice was Les Avants at about 600m and south facing with grades from 4 to 7b, and with slabs, faces and overhangs – Giada’s least favourite style of climbing . They began with a 4b slab which Giada led with ease. Slab climbing suits her style of climbing and is what she most enjoys, but to be a rounded climber Giada needed to develop her face and steep climbing experience, so Ali began to steer Giada towards slabs with overhanging sections. Many women have problems with overhangs believing they are just not strong enough, but its mainly because they are not using the most appropriate technique. You need to twist so to reach with the right arm you turn the right hip close into the rock and the feet in balance and vice versa. Giada did well on all the climbs, struggling on the overhangs, but gaining ground through sheer determination. They even did a couple of multi-pitch routes, with pitches of 6a+.

Giada and Ali at Yvorne

The following day took them to Yvorne, a secluded crag surrounded by vineyards and Chateaux. A bigger venue than Les Avants with many more routes and a bigger range of grades. The routes did seem a bit stiff for their grade and quite polished. Giada got a little disillusioned as she struggled on some of the routes, that appeared to have few holds, but she led a 5a in excellent style and it even had a small overhang.

It is a shame that many climbers top rope the harder routes as they share belays with the easier routes. It explains the polish on what was once an exceptional sport climbing venue and marred Giada’s enjoyment.

 

From the Ground Up Week 6 – Moving outdoors – helmets, anchors and communication

Soft shell

Once you decide you are ready to move outdoors, the first piece of equipment to consider is a helmet, as you are more likely to be struck on the head from something falling from above, as rocks etc. are dislodged by weather, birds, animals and other climbers. You could also bang your head on protruding rocks as you climb or if you fall, as the rock face is more multi-faceted than indoor walls.

There are 2 main types of helmet available: soft and hard shell and both have their pros and cons. Soft shell helmets have thick polystyrene padding and are similar to cycle helmets, they are not very durable but have the advantage of being light and comfortable.

Hard shell helmets

Hard shell helmets are made from plastics and polycarbon material and will withstand more harsh treatment. However, although wearing a helmet will be safer, it doesn’t make you invincible. Choose a helmet that has a close fit and is easy to adjust, and suits the type of climbing you do. For example hard shell helmets are more suitable for Alpine climbing, but are regularly used for large groups.

There are many styles and manufacturers to choose from and the best thing to do is try on as many as you can and choose the best fit.

Moving outdoors for the novice climber is a big step, but a necessary one if you are to develop your climbing skills to become a trad lead climber. Climbing outdoors is very different and obviously has

Bottom rope set up off a tree

more potential dangers. It is recommended that your introduction to outdoor climbing be with an experienced and qualified Instructor – one who displays the AMI logo. An Instructor will teach you all the basic skills to keep you safe, how to use a guide book , as well as all the essentials of crag etiquette. Alternatively you can join a climbing club, details of which can be found on the internet, from the British Mountaineering Council and from climbing magazines.

Some climbers moving outdoors for the first time often set up bottom and top ropes, not only on the easier climbs but the more difficult ones too, and this should be discouraged. However, if this is a step you feel you must take before you contemplate lead climbing then it is essential you follow a series of guidelines:

  • Keep your climbing group to a minimum, 2 or 3 to reduce your impact on the climb and the base and top of the crag.
  • Climb routes that are within your capabilities so the integrity of the route is maintained.
  • Learn to identify climbs by using a climbing guide book written by local experts.
  • Keep yourself safe whilst creating your belays. A long sling attached to a tree, spike or block clipped via a screwgate to your belay loop will give you enough room to work.
  • Initially you should keep the bottom rope belays simple by using a large tree, block or spike. The screwgate

    Bottom rope set up off a block

    karabiner should be visible from the ground and screwed shut.

  • It is easy to converty a bottom rope belay set up to  a top rope by clipping yourself into the sling. You must sit forward and tight on the belay so you are in line with the climb.
  • You should be aware that setting up bottom and top ropes may be frowned upon by other crag users who may wish to lead your climb. It is good crag etiquette to offer to move on.
  • Wear climbing shoes only when climbing and ensure they are as clean as possible. Dirt on your shoes affects friction and has the affect of polishing the rock.
  • Keep your impact on the environment to a minimum, by taking ALL your rubbish with you including fruit peelings and nut cases.

Top rope belaying using a spike

Communication between climber and belayer becomes essential outdoors, particularly if the belayer is at the top of the crag. Always look in the direction you are shouting so your voice carries well, and don’t do anything unless you have had confirmation. ‘Climb when you are ready’ has a greater significance as you may not be able to physically see the belayer or if he/she has you on belay. Windy conditions will often make communication more difficult and outdoor climbers must shout clearly and loudly.

North Wales Training Weekend with Tracey & Neil

Tracey and Neil are an amazing couple. They have a son Jay, who is in the Sea Cadets, and they devote all their spare time, voluntarily, to train to become instructors for the Sea Cadets. They are incredibly good students, dedicated, attentive and practice until perfect.

Sport Leading - spotting before 1st clip

Their weekend in North Wales was planned as a scrambling weekend, to train TJ and Neil to become independent scramblers so they could at least take Jay out and about as he loves to climb, though not necessarily attached to a rope!

Typically of Snowdonia the weather was very unkind on the Saturday with torrential rain and gale force winds so they retired to the Beacon Climbing Centre to work on sport leading, lead belaying and climbing techniques. They also did a mini Climbing Wall Lead Award training session. It had been a while since they both did any lead climbing so they were a little rusty and lacked confidence, particularly Tracey who is often very hard on herself. They both did exceptionally well, leading several routes and showed definite improvement in their climbing technique. The weather meant the Beacon became quite busy, and several climbing friends turned up, which made the day a very sociable occasion.

Ali introduced TJ and Neil to the GriGri, a very useful belay device, particularly when working with groups indoors, and showed how they could be used to self belay if you had to rescue a ‘frozen’ child.

TJ rescuing Neil

As the centre got busier they moved to a quiet corner to look at belays in preparation for their scrambling day. The bouldering section has an area where you can build belays by using natural protection; threads, cams and nuts. TJ and Neil took it in turns to tie in, create belays, and ‘belay’ their second up, ensuring everything was in line – ABC – Anchor, Belayer and climber.

An excellent first day, Tracey and Neil buzzing with all they had learnt and looking forward to putting it into practice at Tryfan Bach.

Ali overseeing belay construction - ABC

Sunday dawned bright and sunny after a night of heavy rain and ferocious winds. Everyone got ready and headed uphill from the campsite to Little Tryfan and some serious scrambling. They began by getting close and personal with cams and nuts, constructing belays by equalising with slings to a central point, and using the rope only. Ali was very impressed with how quickly Neil and TJ became proficient in recognising good gear placements and they were soon ready to lead a scramble. Neil opted to go first, and he seemed calm and collected in his first trad lead ascent, though apparently he was terrified. Ali was on hand to ensure the belay was solid and that everything was in line, with Neil in the optimum position to bring up his second.

TJ placing gear on lead

And all too soon it was TJ’s turn. Ali didn’t find out until afterwards that TJ had a loss of faith before her ascent and didn’t think she could do it. Tears were involved! TJ is a very capable woman and does lack self belief, but Ali knows TJ can do anything she puts her mind to and she did lead the route in good style and her gear was excellent.

An incredible weekend with exceptional people. Thanks must go to Andy Varley, a trainee SPA who helped the weekend run smoothly.

From the Ground Up – Week 5 How to Use Holds; Jugs, Side Pulls, Crimps and Slopers. Movement

Climbing as we have already established is about reading the route and the holds you are going to use.

Leaning away using a side pull

If you overreach, you are less likely to be ale to use the hold, but if you work your feet up and adjust your hands on the holds you will be able to move up the wall more efficiently, you will also have a more open body position and be able to see the footholds more easily. Some holds are easy to read, for example a jug, which is a big hold you can curl most or all your fingers around or into. As you move up using your feet, the jug may be better used as a side pull. This is true of almost any type of hold; side pulls enable you to lean off left or right giving depth of movement to your climbing and not just thinking in a straight upward line. This becomes more relevant when you take climbing outdoors.

Closed crimp

Finger holds or crimps vary not only in depth but can restrict the number of fingers you can use. With a closed crimp the fingers will be in an arched position with the thumb across the top of your index finger for support. With an open crimp the fingers will be straighter and the thumb not always able to give support, but look for ways to get added pressure from the thumb. Finger strength takes time to develop, another reason to warm up and progress through the grades.

Open crimp

Large rounded holds are called slopers and require an open handed position. An extended arm keeping the body below the hold is essential. It might be useful to look at, feel and experiment with different holds whilst at ground level, either in the climbing centre or in the the bouldering room if there is one available, in order to see all the possiblities a hold has to offer.

A sloper might have a hidden side pull. An upside down jug becomes an undercut, allowing you to move outwards and upwards.

With some moves you will have to match, or swap hands on the hold in order to free up the other hand. This is also true of the feet. There are several ways to do this, and are similar for both the hands and feet. The terminology may give you a clue: the hop, the tableclothe, the roll and the peeler. Whatever you choose, plan ahead and have fun trying.

As you get familiar with using holds for hands and feet your movement will become more fluid. Many climbers move statically which is secure but limits fluidity. It is the ability to place the foot, transfer your weight onto it and push off with an almost dancelike quality, so there is no beginning or end to the movement, that turns a static climber into one who flows up the wall. Children are naturally dynamic climbers, using their momentum to reach the next hold. A good balance can be found somewhere between the two.